在冰島,女性薪水比男性少是違法的,會被罰款。在許多國家基於性別的歧視已經是非法的,但是研究表示離立法效果有很大的差距。冰島是第一個進一步消除性別薪資差距的國家,要求公司不問性別,同工同酬。這些公司必須證明,工資差異並不是由於性別所致。冰島已經承諾在2022年之前消除性別薪資差距。
資訊不對稱,薪資保密,容易造成性別歧視。2011年一項研究報告指出,男人和女人之間的工資差距有23%。這就是一美元與77美分的由來。
女性在職場上還是要付出許多代價,不容易說生就生。例如傳統的德國家庭是男性賺錢養家,女性生育持家,但是現代,女性也投入職場,也受良好教育。可是目前女性仍然必須承受職場的不利條件,例如同工不同酬。根據統計,平均來說,同樣職位同樣工作內容的女性如果要與男性同酬,她必須多工作約22%的時間,因此德國每年會設定一天為同酬日(Equal Pay Day)以彰顯此問題。今年同酬日在3月18日,意思是,女性平均必須多工作到3月18日,才能獲得去年男性的年薪。德國通過了同工同酬法律,以改善此情形。
男女薪資不平等在歐洲社會是熱門話題,各國政府都試圖提出對策。德國今(2018)年起實施新法,女性勞工有權知道男性同事的薪水,如果同工不同酬,可向老闆要求加薪。
根據德國聯邦勞工局的報告,從全國平均水準來看,全職男性勞工的月薪換算成台幣約12萬元,女性是10萬元,男性的月薪比女性高14.4%。
不過,各地經濟發展步調與型態並不一致,工作內容影響兩性的薪資差距。以南部的丁戈爾芬格-蘭道(Dingolfing-Landau)、也就是BMW車廠所在地為例,多數受過專業訓練的技術工人是男性,因此當地男性的平均月薪是16萬元,女性10萬元,兩性薪資差距明顯存在。
前東德許多地區製造業相對不發達,男性不易找到工作。反之,女性就業比例特別高,因為當地經濟主體是公務部門,女性比例原本就較高,女性薪水比男性多。例如人口10萬的科特布斯(Cottbus),女性的平均月薪有10萬元,男性則是近9萬元。
為改善男女薪資不平等的現象,德國今年起實施「薪資透明法」,員工數超過200人的企業,勞工有權知道同等職務另一性別同事的薪水。一般來說是向工會或人事部門詢問。如果發現同工不同酬的情況,可向老闆要求加薪,或到勞工法庭上訴。
《德國之聲》報導,在德國,同事之前打聽工資往往是一大禁忌,而到老闆那裡詢問其他人的收入也是不可能的事情。但是,由於德國男女雇員收入依然存在巨大差距,聯邦議員們終於決定作出改變。根據新的立法,2018年1月6日起,員工有權能以匿名的方式,打聽同事工資。而主管將有三個月的時間,來回答這份請求。
德國《明鏡》周刊報導,員工超過500人的大公司,必須主動檢查公司內部的薪資結構,並定期報告。
勞工「有權」知道薪資差距,可以改變什麼?
不過,看似透明的新法規,仍有例外狀況。這樣的「知情權」僅適用於人數超過200人的企業,而要打聽同事工資,前提必須是至少要有6名職位描述與申訴者相同、但「性別不同」的員工。能打聽到的,也不是其他員工的個人薪資、或是同職務的平均薪資,而是相同職位的平均中間值(中間值是指,所有薪資由大到小排列,位於數列中間位置的數字)。
這條法律準備實施前,德國各大網路掀起了許多討論,有人認為薪資就是個人隱私,憑什麼打聽?也有人質疑,就算得到了答案,又能改變什麼?
《明鏡》指出,法律只是說,員工有權得知這些訊息,不能保證公司內部薪資結構的不公正能得到糾正。如果某個人的實際收入低於同事,根據法律「什麼都不會發生」,因為法律沒有調整要求的規定。受影響的員工仍然可以根據德國反歧視法,向法院提起訴訟,或是至少在下一次的薪資談判中,作為籌碼。
而六人為對照的規定,也被批評在人數較少的公司高層,可能因為缺乏相同職務的異性同事,沒有提出需求的權利。
美國商業策略講座教授詹格(Todd Zenger)2016年在《哈佛商業評論》也對德國的新法規,表示憂心。他指出,如果每個人都知道其他人的薪資水平,補救不公平待遇的壓力就會增加,但薪資透明同時可能是把雙面刃,除非公司績效高度透明,否則強加透明度會增加不公平的感覺,而這將不可避免地導致員工離職、減少工作量、並遊說改變。
https://www.thenewslens.com/article/90046
根據德國聯邦勞工局的報告,從全國平均水準來看,全職男性勞工的月薪換算成台幣約12萬元,女性是10萬元,男性的月薪比女性高14.4%。
不過,各地經濟發展步調與型態並不一致,工作內容影響兩性的薪資差距。以南部的丁戈爾芬格-蘭道(Dingolfing-Landau)、也就是BMW車廠所在地為例,多數受過專業訓練的技術工人是男性,因此當地男性的平均月薪是16萬元,女性10萬元,兩性薪資差距明顯存在。
前東德許多地區製造業相對不發達,男性不易找到工作。反之,女性就業比例特別高,因為當地經濟主體是公務部門,女性比例原本就較高,女性薪水比男性多。例如人口10萬的科特布斯(Cottbus),女性的平均月薪有10萬元,男性則是近9萬元。
為改善男女薪資不平等的現象,德國今年起實施「薪資透明法」,員工數超過200人的企業,勞工有權知道同等職務另一性別同事的薪水。一般來說是向工會或人事部門詢問。如果發現同工不同酬的情況,可向老闆要求加薪,或到勞工法庭上訴。
《德國之聲》報導,在德國,同事之前打聽工資往往是一大禁忌,而到老闆那裡詢問其他人的收入也是不可能的事情。但是,由於德國男女雇員收入依然存在巨大差距,聯邦議員們終於決定作出改變。根據新的立法,2018年1月6日起,員工有權能以匿名的方式,打聽同事工資。而主管將有三個月的時間,來回答這份請求。
德國《明鏡》周刊報導,員工超過500人的大公司,必須主動檢查公司內部的薪資結構,並定期報告。
勞工「有權」知道薪資差距,可以改變什麼?
不過,看似透明的新法規,仍有例外狀況。這樣的「知情權」僅適用於人數超過200人的企業,而要打聽同事工資,前提必須是至少要有6名職位描述與申訴者相同、但「性別不同」的員工。能打聽到的,也不是其他員工的個人薪資、或是同職務的平均薪資,而是相同職位的平均中間值(中間值是指,所有薪資由大到小排列,位於數列中間位置的數字)。
這條法律準備實施前,德國各大網路掀起了許多討論,有人認為薪資就是個人隱私,憑什麼打聽?也有人質疑,就算得到了答案,又能改變什麼?
《明鏡》指出,法律只是說,員工有權得知這些訊息,不能保證公司內部薪資結構的不公正能得到糾正。如果某個人的實際收入低於同事,根據法律「什麼都不會發生」,因為法律沒有調整要求的規定。受影響的員工仍然可以根據德國反歧視法,向法院提起訴訟,或是至少在下一次的薪資談判中,作為籌碼。
而六人為對照的規定,也被批評在人數較少的公司高層,可能因為缺乏相同職務的異性同事,沒有提出需求的權利。
美國商業策略講座教授詹格(Todd Zenger)2016年在《哈佛商業評論》也對德國的新法規,表示憂心。他指出,如果每個人都知道其他人的薪資水平,補救不公平待遇的壓力就會增加,但薪資透明同時可能是把雙面刃,除非公司績效高度透明,否則強加透明度會增加不公平的感覺,而這將不可避免地導致員工離職、減少工作量、並遊說改變。
https://www.thenewslens.com/article/90046
如果想減少性別薪資差距,就從公布薪資開始。公布薪資可能讓人感到不自在,但不會超過你的妻子或女兒或姐妹是否被剋扣薪水的不自在。
我們應該加強性別平等教育,以消除性別刻板印象,並且落實「同工同酬」,女性應該跟男性領一樣的薪水。當女性薪資或地位獲得改善,她們和另一半的關係更好了,在家裡要求更多的協助,在工作上要求應得的待遇。
Iceland makes it illegal to pay women less than men
January 3, 2018: 12:14 PM ET
These are Trump's deleted tweets
Iceland has made it very difficult to pay women less than men.
Employers in the Nordic country now have to prove that they pay men and women in the same jobs equally. If they fail to do so, they risk being fined.
Discrimination based on gender is already illegal in many countries -- but research shows the legislation is far from effective. Women are paid less than men in every country in the world, according to research by the World Economic Forum.
Iceland is the first country to take the fight against the gender pay gap a step further, requiring companies to proactively get equal pay certification from the government.
The law came into effect on Monday and applies to all companies and organizations with at least 25 full-time employees. Firms with more than 250 employees will have to get the certification by the end of this year, while smaller companies will follow in the next few years, according to their size.
The possible fines are set at around $500 per day in the current legislation.
The new law has resonated with activists around the world.
Tennis player Billie Jean King added: "Iceland again leading in the equality movement. A new female Prime Minister, and a Parliament where nearly half of its members are women. Equal representation benefits everyone!"
Sam Smethers, who campaigns for women's rights as CEO of the Fawcett Society, said equal pay "isn't just about what is in women's interests."
"Holding women back holds our economy back. Tackling gender inequality and discrimination is good for business and for all of us," she said.
Related: The ranks of women CEOs got even smaller
The new rules don't mean that companies must pay everyone doing the same job the exact same salary.
Employers still have the option of rewarding their workers based on experience, performance and other aspects. However, the companies must show that the differences in wages are not due to gender.
Iceland has been at the forefront of fighting gender inequality for years. For the past nine years, it has placed top in the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report, which measures differences between men and women in health, economics, politics and education.
But despite the country's global leadership, Icelandic women were still paid 78.5% of men's total employment income in 2014, according to the country's welfare ministry.
The government has committed to closing the gender pay gap by 2022.
January 3, 2018: 12:14 PM ET
These are Trump's deleted tweets
Iceland has made it very difficult to pay women less than men.
Employers in the Nordic country now have to prove that they pay men and women in the same jobs equally. If they fail to do so, they risk being fined.
Discrimination based on gender is already illegal in many countries -- but research shows the legislation is far from effective. Women are paid less than men in every country in the world, according to research by the World Economic Forum.
Iceland is the first country to take the fight against the gender pay gap a step further, requiring companies to proactively get equal pay certification from the government.
The law came into effect on Monday and applies to all companies and organizations with at least 25 full-time employees. Firms with more than 250 employees will have to get the certification by the end of this year, while smaller companies will follow in the next few years, according to their size.
The possible fines are set at around $500 per day in the current legislation.
The new law has resonated with activists around the world.
Tennis player Billie Jean King added: "Iceland again leading in the equality movement. A new female Prime Minister, and a Parliament where nearly half of its members are women. Equal representation benefits everyone!"
Sam Smethers, who campaigns for women's rights as CEO of the Fawcett Society, said equal pay "isn't just about what is in women's interests."
"Holding women back holds our economy back. Tackling gender inequality and discrimination is good for business and for all of us," she said.
Related: The ranks of women CEOs got even smaller
The new rules don't mean that companies must pay everyone doing the same job the exact same salary.
Employers still have the option of rewarding their workers based on experience, performance and other aspects. However, the companies must show that the differences in wages are not due to gender.
Iceland has been at the forefront of fighting gender inequality for years. For the past nine years, it has placed top in the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report, which measures differences between men and women in health, economics, politics and education.
But despite the country's global leadership, Icelandic women were still paid 78.5% of men's total employment income in 2014, according to the country's welfare ministry.
The government has committed to closing the gender pay gap by 2022.