儘管過去兩年有120萬難民湧入,但德國人口面臨幾乎不可逆轉的下降。根據聯合國2015年的預測,到2050年,5個德國人中有2個將超過60歲。自1970年以來,德國的死亡人數大於出生人數。出生少、壽命長是大多數富裕國家的問題,但德國的出生率比英國和法國還要低。
1989年柏林圍牆倒塌,當時數百萬年輕人,其中多數是女性,逃往西德。
特別是在服務業很難找到學徒。服務業像是居家照顧,急需更多的老人醫學人才、護理師及職場教練。為了彌補這個缺口,德國的工作培訓機構轉向了越南,在河內教越南人德語。稍後這些機構也將在中國設立。
德國長期依靠移民來彌補低生育率。傳統上波蘭等提供移民的歐盟國家也在老齡化,移民流動將會減緩。預計從2020年德國人口下滑速度加快,德國需要更多的移民來阻止人口下滑。
難民沒有填補勞動力短缺。問題主要是語言、工作能力資格及庇護的不確定性。在德國東部尋求庇護者中,有一半在獲得許可之後,就移到漢堡等地。
到2030年,全國將缺少500萬到700萬的工人。勞動力規模減少,社會支出增加以及老年勞動力,將拖累創新及抑制未來成長。他補充說,這些影響在東部更強。德東生產力比德西低20%,德東人口老齡化及不斷向西方移民,將使德東、德西的經濟差距越拉越大。
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英國不再是波蘭移民首選。從經濟因素可以解釋這個轉變。自2015年以來,英鎊兌波蘭貨幣貶值約20%,降低了移民匯款回母國的意願,並增加了進口波蘭美食的成本。與此同時,波蘭和英國的生活水平差距也在逐漸縮小:自2004年以來,波蘭人均實際國內生產總值增長了一半左右,而在英國則幾乎沒有增長。當英國失去吸引力時,移民正在走向其他地方。過去三年,德國一直是波蘭人最熱門的目的地,英國已經排在第二位。
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為什麼義大利還沒有遭受伊斯蘭恐怖主義?
最為豐富多彩的解釋是,意大利的黑手黨已經悄悄地阻止了聖戰分子的立場。總部設在米蘭的智庫國際政治研究所的Arturo Varvelli說,這個想法的缺點是,意大利的暴徒在南方施加更大的控制,而絕大多數的穆斯林居住在北方。
意大利警方與組織犯罪(像是黑手黨)的戰爭,使意大利警方在監視組織犯罪上擁有豐富的經驗。20世紀70年代和80年代征服了在意大利造成嚴重破壞的左翼和右翼恐怖分子,有組織的犯罪和恐怖主義也鼓勵法官採取比其他歐洲國家更為寬泛的態度來發出逮捕令,特別是對嫌疑人談話的電子監視。意大利近期的歷史也可能解釋其對恐怖主義的強硬態度。
美國國家經濟研究局的一項研究使用2014-15年的數據,發現意大利只有87名聖戰士,而英國的760人,法國的2500人(這三個國家都有相似的人口)。 Varvelli先生認為,這有兩個原因。首先,意大利的穆斯林移民很少屬於第二代(意大利居民中有0.3%是第二代非歐盟移民,英國是3%,法國是3.9%)。其次,意大利沒有像法國人那樣的穆斯林聚會。
在英國國防學院任教的米歇爾·格羅皮(Michele Groppi)指出了第三個重要因素:有證據表明,基地組織將意大利作為後勤基地。不過情況發生了變化:最近幾位聖戰士與意大利有聯繫,其中有摩洛哥出生的意大利人Youssef Zaghba,是三名恐怖分子之一,他們在6月3日用一輛卡車和一些刀子殺死了倫敦橋周圍8個人。格羅皮先生擔心,如果利比亞成為聖戰叛亂的下一個戰區,意大利和梵蒂岡可能成為主要目標。
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Despite an influx of 1.2m refugees over the
past two years, Germany’s population faces
near-irreversible decline. According to predictions from the UN in 2015,
two in five Germans will be over 60 by 2050 and Europe’s oldest country will
have shrunk to 75m from 82m. Since the 1970s, more Germans have been dying than
are born. Fewer births and longer lives are a problem for most rich countries.
But the consequences are more acute for Germany, where birth rates are lower
than in Britain and France.
Nearly 30 years after unification the
region still suffers the aftershock from the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989,
when millions—mostly young, mostly women—fled for the west. Those who remained
had record-low birth rates. “Kids not born in the ’90s, also didn’t have kids
in the 2010s.
Apprentices—especially in service
industries—are hard to find. The one booming industry, care, is desperate for
more geriatricians, nurses and trainees. To help fill the gap, the local
Euro-Schulen, a training institute, has turned to Vietnam. Having studied
German in Hanoi, 16 young apprentices started this month, with 20 more expected
soon. Nearby Dessau is setting up a similar arrangement with China.
Germany has long relied on migrants to make
up for low fertility rates. Unusually high migration in recent years has more
than offset the shrinkage of the native-born population. But the EU countries
that have traditionally provided the migrants, such as Poland, are also ageing.
Migrant flows will slow; competition for labour will increase. And Olga
Pötzsch, from the Federal Statistical Office, argues that Germany will need far
more migrants to stop population decline, which is predicted to accelerate from
2020.
Refugees are not filling the labour
shortage. The problems are mostly to do with language, qualifications and
uncertainty about asylum. According to the OECD, about half of asylum-seekers
who started off in eastern Germany in the past moved to places such as Hamburg
once they secured their permit.
By 2030 the country will be short of
between 5m and 7m workers. The triple shock of a smaller workforce, increased
social spending and the likely dampening effect of an older workforce on
innovation and productivity will drag down future growth. These effects are
stronger in the east, he adds. Productivity is 20% lower than in the west; the
ageing population and continuing migration to the west will make economic
convergence even less likely.